Objective： To explore the primary dysmenorrhea in patients with peripheral blood cell factor and PGF2 alpha and its clinical significance. Method： 50 cases of primary dysmenorrhea from November 2011 to November 2013 in our department were selected as the observation group， 50 cases of healthy female menstrual period over the same period in our hospital the examination were selected as the control group. Used enzyme-linked immunosorbent test（ ELISA） changes of two groups of female menstruation method of peripheral blood cytokines and PGF2 alpha were measured， and IL-10，through IFN-r， PGF2 alpha change between the two groups were compared. Result： The observation group was within 1 weeks before， by IL-4， no significant change of IL-5（ P> 0.05）， while the IL-10， IFN-r， PGF2 in the alpha level than the former（ P<0.05）. Before 1 weeks the IL-4， IL-5， IL-10， IFN-r of the control group had no significant change （P> 0.05）， but the PGF2 alpha level was higher than before（ P<0.05）. The observation group’s IL-5， IL-10，IFN-r，PGF2 levels were significantly higher than those in control group（P<0.05）.Conclusion： Primary dysmenorrhea and the pathogenesis of PGF2 alpha secretion，peripheral blood cell factors， cytokines in peripheral blood in patients with primary dysmenorrhea in vivo and PGF2 levels will appear abnormal changes in PGF2 secretion， and has a certain relationship with cell immune factor.